What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT), and why is it considered the gold standard in causal inference?

Instruction: Explain the key characteristics that make RCTs highly effective for causal inference.

Context: This question evaluates the candidate's knowledge of randomized controlled trials, their significance in establishing causal relationships, and their methodological strengths. Understanding RCTs is crucial for anyone involved in causal inference, as they represent a robust approach to determining causality.