Explain the concept of 'Lurking Variables' in causal inference.
Instruction: Define 'Lurking Variables' and discuss how they can affect the interpretation of causal relationships in a study.
Context: This question assesses the candidate's understanding of lurking variables, their ability to identify such variables in causal analysis, and strategies for mitigating their influence.
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A lurking variable is an informal term for an omitted or unmeasured factor relevant to the observed relationship. A hidden common cause can confound treatment and outcome, but not every unobserved variable is a confounder.
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