Explain the concept of 'counterfactuals' in causal inference.

Instruction: Define counterfactuals and discuss their role in determining causal effects.

Context: This question evaluates the candidate's understanding of counterfactual reasoning, which is crucial for analyzing what would have happened in the absence of a treatment or intervention in causal inference studies.

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At its core, the concept of 'counterfactuals' in causal inference refers to the hypothetical scenario of what would have happened to...

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